According to Penn State NMR Facility Director Tapas Mal, the push to acquire a helium recovery system in the Chemistry Building began in 2019 with a global helium shortage dramatically driving up cost and squeezing supply to dangerously low levels.

Not only had prices roughly doubled that year (a trend that still continues), but the facility couldn’t secure on-time delivery of its required supply — potentially putting its instruments at risk of irreversible damage and bringing research to a standstill.

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometers are used in a wide range of scientific fields to analyze molecular structures at the atomic level, and they rely on superconducting magnets, which require liquid helium to keep them cooled to -452 F (helium’s boiling point, 4.2 K, the lowest of all the elements).

If the magnets rise above this temperature, they will quench — abruptly losing their superconductivity — and may be permanently damaged.

Despite these instruments’ highly insulated design, the liquid helium within boils off unavoidably and continually, necessitating periodic top-offs to maintain the proper level; and the boil-off happens regardless of whether the instruments are in active use, so there is no scenario where top-offs are no longer needed.

“We always keep a note of what the liquid helium level is so we know when to top off the magnet,” Mal said. “If the liquid helium drops even a little bit below the minimum level and the magnet quenches, we may not be able to bring that magnet back to its superconducting state.”

Designing a solution

Mal recalled how amid the helium shortage his colleague Carsten Krebs, professor of chemistry and of biochemistry and molecular biology, told him about a new National Institutes of Health (NIH) grant program offering up to $250,000 for the purchase of helium recovery systems, which capture gaseous helium boil-off and return it to a liquid state for reuse.

Given the circumstances, Mal said he figured the facility’s best option would be to invest in such a system — which they were able to do thanks to one of those same NIH awards of $250,000 to Associate Professor of Chemistry Amie Boal, plus around $150,000 from the Dean’s Office, the Department of Chemistry, and the facility’s users.

With a team of Penn State engineers, Mal, NMR Spectroscopist Christy George, and Facilities Representative Larry Johns designed a system that would recover the liquid helium boil-off from not only the NMR Facility’s nine instruments in the basement of the Chemistry Building but also five more instruments on the building’s third floor.

“We had to plan all that plumbing — from the basement to the third floor and back down — and build in safeguards and backflow preventers so that if a particular instrument went down, it wouldn’t destroy the entire system,” Johns explained.

George, who had just recently joined the NMR Facility, designed the manifolds connecting 11 of the building’s 14 spectrometers — nine NMR instruments and two Mössbauer spectrometers — to the helium recovery system; the remaining manifolds, for three electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrometers, were designed by Alexey Silakov, assistant professor of chemistry.

“We used a software application called Autodesk Inventor that allowed us to design the parts virtually, connect them together, and see whether they would work,” George explained. “So everything could be preplanned based on those designs.”

Johns and the engineers then integrated George’s and Silakov’s manifold designs into the system, which was completed in early October.

Cost savings and sustainability

As the building renovations are completed and the helium recovery system nears operation, Johns’s facilities team — Tim Hillard and Mike Eger — has logged more than 350 hours on the renovations alone, which Mal said he estimates will exceed the cost of the recovery system.

“We’re probably going to end up spending close to a million dollars,” Johns noted. “But within four to five years, this system is going to pay for itself.”

Since helium is a nonrenewable resource — an element that cannot be created in a lab — and any unrecovered boil-off is lost forever as it quickly escapes Earth’s atmosphere into outer space, the investment is not only a significant cost-recovery mechanism but also an important step toward increasing the sustainability of Penn State’s research enterprise.

“Penn State is consistently among the nation’s top universities in terms of both research and sustainability, but I had long seen a missed opportunity to improve the sustainability of our NMR Facility,” said Scott Showalter, professor of chemistry and of biochemistry and molecular biology and the facility’s scientific director. “While I was a postdoctoral fellow at the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, I saw firsthand the benefits of helium recovery systems for NMR facilities, and I am exceptionally proud to see the forward thinking of our administration, faculty, and staff bringing Penn State’s NMR Facility to the forefront of sustainability.”

The NMR Facility currently serves nearly every one of the 16 academic colleges at University Park and about a third of Penn State’s 24 campuses across the commonwealth, as well as researchers at Lehigh University and Penn, and private companies including PPG, Restek, Revision Skincare, Avery Dennison, Morgan Advanced Materials, and Adhesives Research.

“This project was a complete team effort that involved multiple chemistry staff and faculty members as well as financial support from the NIH, our dean, and the department,” added Phil Bevilacqua, head of the chemistry department. “This customized, state-of-the-art helium recovery facility will provide a low-cost, reliable, and sustainable supply of helium. Not only will it save our department hundreds of thousands of dollars a year, it will promote NMR research within the department and across campus. I’m proud of my colleagues and exceptionally pleased with all they have done.”