Chandra Images the Seething Cauldron of a Starburst Galaxy

NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory has imaged the core of the nearest starburst galaxy, Messier 82 (M82). The observatory has revealed a seething cauldron of exploding stars, neutron stars, black holes, 100-million-degree gas, and a powerful galactic wind.

The discovery will be presented by a team of scientists from Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Penn., Penn State University, University Park, and the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, on 14 January at the 195th national meeting of the American Astronomical Society.

"In the disk of our Milky Way Galaxy, stars form and die in a relatively calm fashion like burning embers in a campfire," said Richard Griffiths, professor of astrophysics at Carnegie Mellon University. "But in a starburst galaxy, star birth and death are more like explosions in a fireworks factory."

Short-lived massive stars in a starburst galaxy produce supernova explosions, which heat the interstellar gas to millions of degrees and leave behind neutron stars and black holes. These explosions emit light in the X rays rather than in visible light.

Because the superhot components inside starburst galaxies are complex and sometimes confusing, astronomers need an X-ray-detecting telescope with the highest focusing power (spatial resolution) to clearly discriminate the various structures.

"NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory is the perfect tool for studying starburst galaxies since it has the critical combination of high-resolution optics and good sensitivity to penetrating X rays," said Gordon Garmire, the Evan Pugh Professor of Astronomy and Astrophysics at Penn State University and head of the team that conceived and built Chandra's Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrograph (ACIS) X-ray camera, which acquired the data.

Many intricate structures missed by earlier satellite observatories are now visible in the ACIS image, including more than twenty powerful X-ray binary systems that contain a normal star in a close orbit around a neutron star or a black hole. "Several sources are so bright that they are probably black holes, perhaps left over from past starburst episodes," Garmire explained.

The astronomers report that the X-ray emitting gas in the galaxy's core region has a surprisingly hot temperature. "Determining the source of high-energy X rays from M82 may elucidate whether starburst galaxies throughout the Universe contribute significantly to the X-ray background radiation that pervades intergalactic space," said Griffiths." The image also shows a chimney-like structure at the base of the galactic wind, which may help us understand how metal-rich starburst gas is dispersed into intergalactic space."

"What we don't see may be as important as what we do see," said Garmire. "There is no indication of a single, high-luminosity, compact X-ray source from a supermassive black hole at the very center of the galaxy, although considerable evidence exists that such central black holes are present in many or most galaxies."

The astronomers note that recent optical and infrared data suggest most galaxies were starbursts when the Universe was young and that their galactic winds may have distributed carbon, oxygen, iron, and other heavy atoms that now pervade the Universe. The starburst in M82 is thought to have been caused by a near collision with a large spiral galaxy, M81, about 100 million years ago. At a distance of 11-million light years, M82 is the closest starburst galaxy to our Milky Way Galaxy and provides the best view of this type of galactic structure, which may have played a critical role in the early history of the Universe.

The Chandra image was taken with the Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer (ACIS) on September 20, 1999, in an observation that lasted about 13 hours. ACIS was built by Penn State University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge.

NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Ala., manages the Chandra program. TRW, Inc., Redondo Beach, Calif., is the prime contractor for the spacecraft. The Smithsonian's Chandra X-ray Center controls science and flight operations from Cambridge, Mass.

TO FOLLOW CHANDRA'S PROGRESS:

Visit the Chandra site at <http://chandra.harvard.edu> and <http://chandra.nasa.gov>.

IMAGES:

High-resolution digital versions of the X-ray image (JPG, 300 dpi TIFF) are available at the Internet site listed above. The images were made with the Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer (ACIS).

The caption for this Chandra X-ray Image of M82 is:

M82, at a distance of 11 million light years from Earth, is the nearest starburst galaxy. Massive stars are forming and expiring in M82 at a rate ten times higher than in our galaxy. The bright spots in the center are supernova remnants and X-ray binaries. These are some of the brightest such objects known. The luminosity of the X-ray binaries suggests that most contain a black hole. The diffuse X-ray light in the image extends over several thousand light years, and is caused by multimillion degree gas flowing out of M82. A close encounter with a large galaxy, M81, in the last 100 million years is thought to be the cause of the starburst activity. Credit: NASA/CXC/SAO/PSU (Garmire)/CMU (Griffiths)

CONTACTS:

Steve Roy, Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL, (+) 256-544-6535

Barbara Kennedy, Penn State PIO, University Park, PA, (+) 814-863-4682, science@psu.edu

Dr. Wallace Tucker, Chandra X-Ray Observatory Center, Cambridge, MA, (+) 617-496-7998, wtucker@cfa.harvard.edu

Teresa Thomas, Carnegie Mellon University PIO, Pittsburgh, PA, (+) 412-268-3580, ts2h@andrew.cmu.edu

Dr. Richard Griffiths, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 412-268-1886, griffith@astro.phys.cmu.edu

Dr. Gordon Garmire, Penn State, 814-865-1117, ggarmire@astro.psu.edu

BACKGROUND DEFINITIONS:

X-ray Astronomy:

The study of objects in the universe using X-rays rather than visible light or other forms of electromagnetic radiation. The X-rays can be imaged with

an X-ray telescope.

Chandra X-ray Observatory:

The latest in NASA's series of Great Observatories. Chandra is the "X-ray Hubble", launched in July 1999 on the Space Shuttle Columbia and then sent into a deep-space orbit around the earth. Chandra carries a large X-ray telescope to focus the X-rays from objects in the sky. An X-ray telescope cannot work on the ground because the X-rays are absorbed by the earth's atmosphere.

Starburst Galaxy:

A galaxy where stars are being formed at a rate far greater than in our own galaxy, the Milky Way. M82 is a relatively small galaxy, and would fit within the central 'hub' of the Milky Way (located towards the star clouds in Sagittarius)

Black Hole:

A dense compact object whose gravitational pull is so strong that--within a certain distance called the event horizon--nothing can escape, not even light. Black holes are thought to result from the collapse of very massive stars at the ends of their evolution.

Galactic Wind:

The flow of hot gas (at temperatures of millions of degrees) away from the starburst region of a galaxy and out of the galaxy.